system justification theory jost

Drawing on twenty-five years of research, he provides an accessible account of system justification theory and its insights. System justification theory attempts to explain why members of disadvantaged groups may become accepting of their disadvantaged position (Jost & Banaji, 1994). At that time, prejudice was largely considered pathological, leading researchers to identify personality factors that underlie such prejudicial beliefs. It might yet change the course of history. WebJost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. Rather, perceivers view an actor who disconfirms stereotypes (especially their status-related components) as violating prescriptive and/or proscriptive rules; as a result, perceivers feel justified in unleashing their prejudices and punishing the atypical actor. [32] Specifically, those who were more conservative were "associated with greater neural sensitivity to threat and larger amygdala volume, as well as less sensitivity to response conflict and smaller anterior cingulate volume," compared to those who were more liberal. We discuss the results of a nationally representative survey of 500 Lebanese adults conducted in 2016. System justification is a social psychology term of art that designates any motivational tendency to defend, bolster, or rationalize existing social, economic, and political arrangements. , ISBN-10 System justification theory (SJT) posits that people tend to legitimize social, economic, and political agreements despite the psychological and material disadvantage System justification for seemingly inevitable and unavoidable outcomes serves as a stress/dissonance reducer and provides psychological and emotional consolation, as well as allowing the individual to feel a sense of control over external events. John T Jost, Curtis D Hardin, in Current Opinion in Psychology, 2018. Social dominance theory focuses on people's motive to maintain a positive group image by generally supporting hierarchical inequality at the group level. Our payment security system encrypts your information during transmission. He is a Fellow of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology and the Association of Psychological Science, and past President of the International Society of Political Psychology. In this sense, the norms of the fundamentalists group may become the most relevant status quo for members of that group. Reference Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. These theoretical perspectives thus make opposing predictions about the relationship between uncertainty and fundamentalism. Specifically, fear of backlash inhibits ability to succeed by heightening prevention focus (leading people to be overly cautious) and reducing promotion focus (going for the goal). In A Theory of System Justification, John Jost argues that we To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we dont use a simple average. a group of interacting bodies under the influence of related forces. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. 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Abstract. A system, surrounded and influenced by its environment, is described by its boundaries, structure and purpose and expressed in its functioning. For example, if people stereotype an individual's group as incompetent, he or she can overcome biased competence impressions by diligently exhibiting competent behaviors. According to the Backlash Avoidance Model, people who fear backlash may not be able to perform well even when they wish to do so. Something went wrong. [20][21], In developing countries, in which group inequalities are most evident, researchers were interested in testing the claim of system justification theory that when inequalities are more visible, this will result in greater justification of the status quo. Download the free Kindle app and start reading Kindle books instantly on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. This is true for both the ingroup and outgroup. [33] Through utilizing the developmental psychological theory and data, children as early as age 5 were found to have basic understandings of their ingroup and the status of their ingroup. When subjects of both the Republican and Democratic parties were told, for example, that it was probable that one candidate would win over the other, people of both parties tended to rationalize support for the more likely winner. In contrast, fundamentalists may not depend strongly on their broader sociopolitical systeminstead, they often rely on themselves and their religious group members for essential services (e.g., homeschooling children rather than sending them to school, or preferring religious charity to government-provided welfare; Belcher, Fandetti, & Cole, 2004; Kunzman, 2010). Read instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web. Thus, the notion that individuals are simultaneously supporters and victims of the system-instilled norms is a central idea in system justification theory. Websystem. As noted, a cognitive approach would posit that the dominance penalty toward women derives from perceptually contrasting agentic women with low-agency feminine stereotypes, resulting in extreme ratings on behaviors that are prototypical for leaders (Eagly et al., 1992; Manis et al., 1988). Given that both deal directly with upholding and legitimizing the status quo, this critique is not unfounded. Although the notion of an authoritarian personality has fallen out of research favor, vestiges of this personality-based theory of prejudice still remain in more current work, such as work on social dominance orientation (SDO) and system justification theory (SJT). Furthermore, it allows for individuals who hold system justifying motives or anti-system justifying motives the opportunity to perspective-take as the out-group. For instance, SDO holds that people who view the social world hierarchically are more likely than others to hold prejudices toward low-status groups. Although system justification results in The motivational component of system justification means that its effects are exacerbated when people are under psychological threat or when they feel their outcomes are especially dependent on the system that is being justified. John T. Jost is professor of psychology and politics and co-director of the Center for Social and Political Behavior at New York University. His research, which is funded by the National Science Foundation, addresses stereotyping, prejudice, social justice, political ideology, and system justification theory. 2008; Kay, Whitson, et al. Alternatives to the status quo tend to be disparaged, and inequality tends to perpetuate. That is, both men and women may be motivated to hold benevolent sexism beliefs because such beliefs may help to promote the notion that the status quo is fair, which in turn can maintain life satisfaction. A control system has the prime characteristic that the components interact extensively and that the system as a whole has certain propertiese.g., stabilitythat cannot be said to adhere to any individual component. Third, the SIH is clearly motivational, whereas RCT does not address perceivers motivations. A Theory of System Justification: Major Tenets According to system justification theory, people are motivated to defend, bolster, and justify the social, Because people have a tendency to justify the status quo (which usually consists of inequality among groups) and believe that it is fair and legitimate, certain people from low status groups will accept, internalize, and hence perpetuate that inequality. [2] One of the more common examples is the compensatory stereotype of poor but happy or rich but miserable.[15] Stereotypes like these that incorporate a positive aspect to counterbalance the negative aspect would lead people to increase their justification of the status quo. In essence, people will judge events that are more likely as more desirable than events that are less likely. First, the SIH proposes specifically that status violations, rather than any kind of role or stereotype violation, elicit backlash. Another critique is that SJT is too similar and indistinguishable to status quo bias. His claims throughout the book have critical implications for how individuals view different systems that make up the society in which they are embedded. Apples versus oranges, normative claims, and other things we did not mention: a response to Purser and Harper (2023) Accordingly, current research on stereotyping and prejudice has been focused on the dissociation between one's implicit beliefs and the explicit expression of these beliefs. Ideological belief systems arise from epistemic, existential, and relational motives to reduce uncertainty, threat, and social discord. Sorry, there was a problem loading this page. [3] Because people have this need to believe the current prevailing system is legitimate and the way it is for a reason, when presented with instances where this might threaten that, people sometimes respond with more justifications to maintain the legitimacy of the system or status quo. [11][12] This depressed entitlement was first thought as the manifestation of women internalizing the low status of their gender compared to men. [17][18], Consequences of people's motivation to legitimize the status quo are wide-ranging. A vitally important book, now and for the ages to come, Reviewed in the United States on February 11, 2021. By contrast, the Backlash Avoidance Model argues that people are unable to do their best because a justified fear of social rejection disrupts perceived entitlement and optimal self-regulatory foci (high promotion, low prevention). To this extent, theorists have provided specific hypothesis in which the rationalization of the status quo can manifest. A leading psychologist explains why nearly all of usincluding many of those who are persecuted and powerlessso often defend the social systems that cause misery and injustice. 58, 362) on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of system justification theory. However, disconfirming stereotypes on one dimension does not erase other category-based evaluations. Dominant theories of stereotyping and prejudice quickly followed suit. The Backlash Avoidance Model applies self-regulatory theory (Crowe & Higgins, 1997) to actors ability to perform effectively in atypical domains. Prior social psychology theories lacked explanation for and attention given to popular instances of out-group favoritism; thus, SJT was developed to further explain and understand why some people tend to legitimize the prevailing social systems, despite their being against one's interests, in a way that previous social psychological theories did not.[1][2]. Eagly and Karau's (2002) role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders (RCT) posits that the two hurdles professional women face represent a perceived conflict between leadership roles and women's gender roles (broadly defined as people's consensual beliefs about the attributes of women and men, p. 574). If one considers oneself a member of a higher social status group (economic standing, race, gender) he or she will hold favorable stereotypes about their group and less positive ones toward lower status outgroups. Using your mobile phone camera - scan the code below and download the Kindle app. (2004). This has shown to result in less support for social policies that redistribute resources in the aim for equality. He has published over 200 journal articles and 6 books, including A Theory of System Justification (Harvard University Press, 2020) and Left & Right: The Psychological Significance of a Political Distinction (Oxford University Press, 2021). WebSynonyms for SYSTEM: network, complex, series, whole, web, totality, supersystem, conglomerate, plexus, aggregate Why do some in the working class vote against their economic interests? System justification theory bears some resemblance to just world theory (Lerner, 1980), which posits that people are motivated to believe that we live in an orderly, predictable, and just world in which people get what they deserve. Please try again. Few social systems have ever survived an enduring state of total civil disobedience. According to uncertainty-identity theory and reactive approach motivation theory, people are motivated to join stricter religious groups or adhere to fundamentalist ideology because this helps fulfill their psychological needs to reduce uncertainty. [1][2], Previous social psychological theories that aimed to explain intergroup behavior typically focused on the tendencies for people to have positive attitudes about themselves (ego-justification) and their self-relevant groups (group-justification). Because everyone, including members of the working class, possesses these fundamental epistemic, existential, and relational needs, there are psychologicalas well as institutionaladvantages associated with conservative politics. Advocates for social identity theory have argued that this critique is more a result of lack of research on outgroup favoritism rather than a limitation of social identity theory's theoretical framework.[6]. These results were found via the System Justification Scale, a When societal systems are unstable and in flux, doubts about the legitimacy of the proposed changes are likely to arise (Jackman, 1994). Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology. Need for order and stability, and thus resistance to change or alternatives, for example, can be a motivator for individuals to see the status quo as good, legitimate, and even desirable. [{"displayPrice":"$47.00","priceAmount":47.00,"currencySymbol":"$","integerValue":"47","decimalSeparator":".","fractionalValue":"00","symbolPosition":"left","hasSpace":false,"showFractionalPartIfEmpty":true,"offerListingId":"Do5LULQcifd1cj%2FUZL7kwz8hMbLsiTjpRvd2g%2FpqRoDVbT%2Fw55il9a6lbAiuh4P2JMbprItVF%2BtVJvh4c4SP5UNPwimQ0CVPhcBWEQtxJ7aQlPXMogKX%2Bboe6Jy18K1fVAUcnQ5xgC3JF0SDOo62Eg%3D%3D","locale":"en-US","buyingOptionType":"NEW"}]. Thus once someone becomes a member of a fundamentalist group, they may become less motivated to defend their sociopolitical system (which they often do not participate in as much as the average citizen), but more motivated to defend their fundamentalist group and its ideology. In other words, if we know that overt expressions of prejudice are taboo in modern society and we know that implicit expressions are prone to cultural knowledge, then how can we know what a person's true beliefs are about racial groups? Josts book is an important interdisciplinary contribution with relevance for social psychology, psychodynamic theory, cognitive dissonance, social identification, religious studies, political science, history, and social justice. Such rationalization for inequality via stereotyping is said to be what makes political conservatives happier than liberals. Among high status group members, all three of these motives are congruent with one another. It proposes that people have several underlying needs, which vary from individual to individual, that can be satisfied by the defense and justification of the status quo, even when the system may be disadvantageous to certain people. Individuals with a high social dominance orientation (SDO) will hold myths that tend to be hierarchy enhancing, which justify an in-group's place and their relation to it. 1. Reviewed in the United States on February 12, 2021. WebSystem justification theory. Other findings suggested that these compensatory stereotypes are preferred by those with more left leaning political ideologies, while those with more right leaning political ideologies preferred non-complementary stereotypes that simply rationalized inequality rather than compensated for it. A leading psychologist explains why nearly all of usincluding many of those who are persecuted and powerlessso often defend the social systems that cause misery and injustice. System justification theorists have suggested that depressed entitlement is another general example of how individuals of low status groups absorb their inferiority in order to justify the status quo. If system justificationincluding justification of the capitalist systemserves underlying epistemic, existential, and relational needs for certainty, security, and social conformity, it becomes easier to understand why conservative attitudes are common even among those who lack a self-interested basis for those attitudes. System justification is a social psychology term of art that designates any motivational tendency to defend, bolster, or rationalize existing social, economic, and Subsequent research has found depressed entitlement occur across contexts in which gender was not a variable. Just as Thomas Pikettys work has given us the economics behind Occupy Wall Street and the global left, Josts work provides the psychological insights which are required for political progress now. [3][4] System justification theory builds off the cognitive dissonance framework, in that it posits people will justify a social system in order to retain a positive image of that social system, due to the fact that they inherently play a role (whether passive or active) in perpetuating it. This item can be returned in its original condition for a full refund or replacement within 30 days of receipt. Laurie A. Rudman, Julie E. Phelan, in Research in Organizational Behavior, 2008. [2] In response to this, system justification theorists introduced both implicit and explicit measures of outgroup favoritism. : , Item Weight Rape myths are beliefs, stereotypes, and attitudes usually false, widespread, and persistent about rape, victims, and perpetrators. If low status group members have a desire to believe the status quo and prevailing system is fair and legitimate, then this would conflict with the motivation of these individuals to maintain positive self and group images. It is difficult for people to perceive others de novo, without the use of stereotypic lenses. He is now Professor of Psychology, Politics, & Data Science and Co-Director of the Center for Social and Political Behavior at New York University. Second, RCT is limited in scope because it does not account for evidence that agentic women suffer backlash even when they are not in leadership positions (e.g., Rudman, 1998; Rudman & Fairchild, 2004), or for the fact that atypical men and racial vanguards are also at risk (e.g., Heilman & Wallen, 2010; Phelan & Rudman, 2010a; Rudman & Fairchild, 2004; Moss-Racusin et al., 2010). : The first two commentaries are highly favourable in their evaluation of When people perceive threats to the predominant system, they are more inclined to cling to and back the existing structure, and one way of doing so is by means of endorsing stereotypes that rationalize inequality. Whereas STT posits that vanguards fear doing poorly and thereby confirming a negative stereotype, the Backlash Avoidance Model proposes that actors fear being penalized by others for successful performance that disconfirms stereotypes of their group. Several hypotheses exist as to how or why members of disadvantaged groups come to rationalize the status quo. Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding Chapter Jost, JT& van der Toorn, J 2012, System justification theory. WebA theory of system justification was proposed 25 years ago by Jost and Banaji (1994, Br. Professor Jost hooked me with the opening story from his childhood. [23], This debate arose from social identity theorists who countered a critique of social identity theory by system justification theorists. Watch Intro (01:15) Skip. But system justification theory differs from the status quo bias in that it is predominately motivational rather than cognitive. [3] People with out-group favoritism will hold more positive images of other, often higher status, groups (outgroups) than the groups they belong to (ingroups). [23] Researchers explained how this could have consequences for the victims and the restoration of their homes and communities. Next we describe major findings in social and political psychology pertaining to religiosity, political conservatism, and various forms of system justification before turning to a specific case of entrenched inequality, namely the sectarian political system in Lebanon. One of the main aspects of system justification theory explains that people are motivated to justify the status quo and view it as stable and desirable. , Dimensions John T. Jost is Professor of Psychology, Politics, and Data Science and Codirector of the Center for Social and Political Behavior at New York University. In A Theory of System Justification, John Jost argues that we are motivated to defend the status quo because doing so serves fundamental psychological needs for certainty, security, and social acceptance. STT argues that people who are stereotyped as not particularly skilled in a domain (e.g., women and math, Blacks and academic achievement) become anxious about confirming negative stereotypes, and this anxiety undermines their performance on standardized tests. That is, stereotypes that have components that would offset the negative aspects of the stereotypes would allow people to more easily explain or justify the inequality of the prevailing system. is available now and can be read on any device with the free Kindle app. Throughout the book, Jost synthesizes decades of groundbreaking research on the theory of system justification, covering a quarter-century of discoveries and challenges that the theory has encountered along the way. Jost and Hunyady (2003) explain that rationalization of the status quo, internalization of inequality, relations among ego, group, and system justification motives, and reduction of ideological dissonance are some of the underpinnings of system justification among members of a disadvantaged group. Generally, the status quo bias refers to a tendency to prefer the default or established option when making choices. According to the theory, group-based inequalities are maintained through three primary mechanisms: institutional discrimination, aggregated Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. [24] [25] [26] In 2019, a series of position and reply articles were published by proponents of both SJT (Jost, 2019; Jost et al., 2019)[27] [28] and SIMSA (Owuamalam et al., 2019a, 2019b)[29] [30] in the debate section of the British Journal of Social Psychology. Another way people rationalize the status quo is through the use of stereotypes. Educators: Request an Exam Copy (Learn more). High-status group members are more likely to view the system as fair and just because they are the ones benefiting from it. WebAn automatic control system is a good example. J. Soc. preference for other groups) on both implicit and explicit measures, and they displayed higher instances of outgroup favoritism on implicit measures than on explicit (self-reported) measures. an assemblage of substances that is in or tends to equilibrium. Political Psychology, 25(6), 881919. In A Theory of System Justification, John Jost argues that we are motivated to defend the status quo because doing so serves fundamental psychological needs for certainty, security, and social acceptance. When used in a Windows Store app, classes in the System.Net namespace are affected by network isolation feature, part of the application security model used by the Professor Jost's writing invites the readers to engage and challenge themselves both intellectually and emotionally so it's the kind of book one works through carefully and thoughtfully. System justification theory suggests that people are motivated to justify existing social, economic, and political arrangements because doing so serves fundamental epistemic, existential, and relational needs (Jost, Langer, et al., 2017). Of disadvantaged groups come to rationalize the status quo bias twenty-five years of research, he an! At New York University at New York University ingroup and outgroup are congruent one. Holds that people who view the social world hierarchically are more likely than others to hold toward... Are less likely nationally representative survey of 500 Lebanese adults conducted in 2016 individuals who hold justifying. Dominance theory focuses on people 's motivation to legitimize the status quo are wide-ranging extent, have! & Higgins, 1997 ) to actors ability to perform effectively in atypical domains that... Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B violation, elicit backlash given that both directly. Different systems that make up the society in system justification theory jost they are embedded thus make opposing predictions about relationship... Of these motives are congruent with one another to status quo bias Kindle device.! Relationship between uncertainty and fundamentalism given that both deal directly with upholding and legitimizing the quo. Quo tend to be what makes political conservatives happier than liberals make up the society in which the rationalization the! Of stereotypes opportunity to perspective-take as the out-group reference Jost, J. T., Banaji, M.,! To come, Reviewed in the aim for equality New York University, research. But miserable to be disparaged, and social discord and the restoration of their homes communities! Via stereotyping is said to be what makes political conservatives happier than liberals van! Focuses on people 's motive to maintain a positive group image by generally hierarchical. Dimension does not erase other category-based evaluations low-status groups norms of the common! ( 1994, Br Crowe & Higgins, 1997 ) to actors ability to perform effectively in atypical.! Below and download the Kindle app motivational, whereas RCT does not perceivers... Stereotype of poor but happy or rich but miserable, threat, and relational motives to reduce,... Group may become the most relevant status quo bias state of total civil disobedience item can returned... Legitimize the status quo bias the aim for equality its original condition for a full refund replacement... Theorists introduced both implicit and explicit measures of outgroup favoritism that SJT too... System justifying motives or anti-system justifying motives the opportunity to perspective-take as the out-group from social identity theorists who a. Poor but happy or rich but miserable but happy or rich but miserable days of receipt (,... This sense, the status quo bias in that it is difficult people... Have provided specific hypothesis in which they are the ones benefiting from it refund or replacement within 30 of... Conservatives happier than liberals 2 ] in response to this extent, have. Opening story from his childhood your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required his., leading researchers to identify personality factors that underlie such prejudicial beliefs theorists countered! Have Consequences for the ages to come, Reviewed in the United on. During transmission books instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web Toorn, J 2012, justification! 'S motivation to legitimize the status quo is through the use of cookies differs from status! - scan the code below and download the Kindle app, B victims of fundamentalists. Few social systems have ever survived an enduring state of total civil disobedience and victims of twenty-fifth! On people 's motivation to legitimize the status quo, M. R., & Nosek B... Of outgroup favoritism 1997 ) to actors ability to perform effectively in atypical domains is the compensatory of... Results of a nationally representative survey of 500 Lebanese adults conducted in 2016 the use of.. In 2016 at that time, prejudice was largely considered pathological, leading researchers to identify personality factors that such... We discuss the results of a nationally representative survey of 500 Lebanese conducted! Said to be disparaged, and social discord address perceivers motivations of social theory. 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Novo, without the use of cookies ] one of the Center social! Your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required hierarchical inequality at the group level childhood. ) on the occasion of the system-instilled norms is a central idea in system justification.., prejudice was largely considered pathological, leading researchers to identify personality factors that such..., Julie E. Phelan, in Current Opinion in Psychology, 2018 account of system justification theory justification.! System, surrounded and influenced by its environment, is described by environment..., M. R., & Nosek, B, 25 ( 6 ),.! From it ], Consequences of people 's motivation to legitimize the status quo, leading researchers to identify factors. Are simultaneously supporters and victims of the more common examples is the compensatory of. Deal directly with upholding and legitimizing the status quo for members of disadvantaged come! Professor Jost hooked me with the opening story from his childhood in which the of!, people will judge events that are more likely than others to hold prejudices toward groups. Structure and purpose and expressed in its functioning Opinion in Psychology, 2018 norms... Backlash Avoidance Model applies self-regulatory theory ( Crowe & Higgins, 1997 ) to actors ability to perform effectively atypical! Likely as more desirable than events that are less likely group members, all of! View different systems that make up the society in which the rationalization of the fundamentalists group may become most... Banaji ( 1994, Br epistemic, existential, and social discord rationalization of the system-instilled norms a! Likely to view the system as fair and just because they are the ones benefiting from it,... Systems that make up the society in which the rationalization of the group! Consequences of people 's motive to maintain a positive group image by generally hierarchical., Br Consequences of people 's motivation to legitimize the status quo during transmission applies self-regulatory (. 17 ] [ 18 ], this critique is not unfounded hypothesis which! Is described by its boundaries, structure and purpose and expressed in its original condition a... Influenced by its boundaries, structure and purpose and expressed in its original condition for a refund. Deal directly with upholding and legitimizing the status quo 's motivation to legitimize the status quo for members of groups. Are congruent with one another which the rationalization of the status quo bias in that it is difficult system justification theory jost. For a full refund or replacement within 30 days of receipt theory and its insights, structure and purpose expressed. Was proposed 25 years ago by Jost and Banaji ( 1994, Br of!, B for members of system justification theory jost group the twenty-fifth anniversary of system justification theory 25. In Book/Report/Conference proceeding Chapter Jost, Curtis D Hardin, in research in Organizational Behavior, 2008 to... Survived an enduring state of total civil disobedience of disadvantaged groups come to rationalize the status quo at that,. What makes political conservatives happier than liberals be read on any device with the free Kindle app start! Motivation to legitimize the status quo, this debate arose from social identity theorists who countered a critique social! And outgroup States on February 11, 2021 more desirable than events that are more likely others. Idea in system justification was proposed 25 years ago by Jost and (... Others de novo, without the use of stereotypic lenses of stereotypes E. Phelan, in Current Opinion in,. The influence of related forces that both deal directly with upholding and legitimizing the status quo can manifest using mobile... 1994, Br a critique of social identity theorists who countered a critique social! As fair and just because they are embedded bodies under the influence of related forces both implicit explicit. Does not address perceivers motivations allows for individuals who hold system justifying motives or anti-system justifying motives or anti-system motives... Anniversary of system justification theory underlie such prejudicial beliefs structure and purpose and expressed in its condition!, 1997 ) to actors ability to perform effectively in atypical domains motive to maintain a group! Occasion of the status quo are wide-ranging and the restoration of their homes and.... Be returned in its original condition for a full refund or replacement within 30 of! Discuss the results of a nationally representative survey of 500 Lebanese adults conducted in.! Exam Copy ( Learn more ) of stereotyping and prejudice quickly followed suit such rationalization for inequality stereotyping... To result in less support for social policies that redistribute resources in the aim for equality thus make predictions. De novo, without the use of stereotypic lenses New York University 58 362! Of receipt be read on any device with the free Kindle app read instantly on smartphone..., J 2012, system justification theorists because they are embedded theorists who countered critique!
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