To promote disruptive science and technology, scholars may be encouraged to read widely and given time to keep up with the rapidly expanding knowledge frontier. This involves improved high school instruction, provision for helping individual talented students to finish high school (primarily the responsibility of the local communities), and opportunities for more capable, promising high school students to go to college. Publication: Science. We have given much thought to the question of how plans for the use of Federal funds may be arranged so that such funds will not drive out of the picture funds from local governments, foundations, and private donors. Directions, 99 Banbury Road . To date, with the exception of the intensive war research conducted by the Office of Scientific Research and Development, such support has been meager and intermittent. The Endless Frontier Act was initially presented Senators Chuck Schumer (D-NY) and Todd Young (R-IN) by Under . The National Patent Planning Commission has reported on this subject. To initiate and finance in appropriate organizations research projects for which existing facilities are unavailable or inadequate. Much medical progress, for example, will come from fundamental advances in chemistry. More Filters. A report to the President by United States. Members. 6. Research will always suffer when put in competition with operations. The members of the committees have reviewed the recommendations in regard to the single mechanism and have found this plan thoroughly acceptable. V. Patent Policy. Clearly the program should grow in a healthy manner from modest beginnings. Holts bold, incisive reframing of this classic text illuminates how science is embedded in, and of import to, sociopolitical concerns. research is the exploration of the unknown and is necessarily speculative. International Exchange of Scientific Information. Using the citation data from 45 million manuscripts and 3.9 million patents, the researchers calculated a measure of disruptiveness, called the 'CD index', in which values ranged from -1 for the least . The benefits of basic research do not reach all industries equally or at the same speed. The development of the. We will not get ahead in international trade unless we offer new and more attractive and cheaper products. The function of such a civilian group would be primarily to conduct long-range scientific research on military problems - leaving to the Services research on the improvement of existing weapons. Policy for the Endless Frontier: "Origins and Ambitions of the CHIPS and Science Act". National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, USA Tel: (703) 292-5111, FIRS: (800) 877-8339 | TDD: (800) 281-8749, National Science Foundation - Where Discoveries Begin, Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE), Environmental Research and Education (ERE), International Science and Engineering (OISE), Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences (SBE), Technology, Innovation and Partnerships (TIP), Responsible and Ethical Conduct of Research, Proposal and Award Policies and Procedures Guide (PAPPG), Award Statistics (Budget Internet Info System), National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization (OSDBU), Proposal & Award Policies Procedures Guide (PAPPG). Unit 2702, NUO Centre Recommendations regarding the allocation of research programs among research organizations. There are within Government departments many groups whose interests are primarily those of scientific research. 20 as a It is clear that if we are to maintain the progress in medicine which has marked the last 25 years, the Government should extend financial support to basic medical research in the medical schools and in the universities, through grants both for research and for fellowships. b/w, a candid image of Rust addressing an outdoor crowd, boldly signed. The figures have been taken from a variety of sources and arbitrary definitions have necessarily been applied, but it is believed that they may be accepted as indicating the following trends: If the colleges, universities, and research institutes are to meet the rapidly increasing demands of industry and Government for new scientific knowledge, their basic research should be strengthened by use of public funds. To promote the dissemination of scientific and technical information and to further its international exchange. There are brains and character, strength and health, happiness and spiritual vitality, interest and motivation, and no one knows what else, that must needs enter into this supra-mathematical calculus. - The National Research Foundation should develop and promote a national policy for scientific research and scientific education, should support basic research in nonprofit organizations, should develop scientific talent in American youth by means of scholarships and fellowships, and should by contract and otherwise support long-range research on military matters. To enlarge the group of specially qualified men and women it is necessary to increase the number who go to college. There is thus an accumulating deficit of trained research personnel which will continue for many years. In this war it has become clear beyond all doubt that scientific research is absolutely essential to national security. At the heart of the challenges is the adsorption of foreign gas atoms or molecules on the sample surface. We will update our FAQ page when it becomes available. Citation; Raw Data; Library.Link Network; Borrow it Toggle Dropdown. To devise and promote the use of methods of improving the transition between research and its practical application in industry. Industry will fully rise to the challenge of applying new knowledge to new products. We can no longer count on ravaged Europe as a source of fundamental knowledge. Science, the endless frontier; a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research. (2) The agency to administer such funds should be composed of citizens selected only on the basis of their interest in and capacity to promote the work of the agency. To satisfy these considerations I recommend the establishment of a Board, made up equally of scientists and military men, whose function would be to pass upon the declassification and to control the release for publication of scientific information which is now classified. Approximately 7 million persons in the United States are mentally ill; more than one-third of the hospital beds are occupied by such persons, at a cost of $175 million a year. The Armed Services cannot be expected to be experts in all of the complicated fields which make it possible for a great nation to fight successfully in total war. The Divisions should be responsible to the Members of the Foundation for -. Horgan is a prolific author and columnist for Scientific American, whose interview subjects included a list of scientists who might be seen as the most disruptive crew of the last three . As President Roosevelt observed, the annual deaths from one or two diseases are far in excess of the total number of American lives lost in battle during this war. International exchange of scientific information is of growing importance. A PDF ebook must be read in our mobile app available for Android/iOS phones or tablets. To insure continued preparedness along farsighted technical lines, the research scientists of the country must be called upon to continue in peacetime some substantial portion of those types of contribution to national security which they have made so effectively during the stress of the present war * * *. It is the primary responsibility of the Army and Navy to train the men, make available the weapons, and employ the strategy that will bring victory in combat. At their best they provide the scientific worker with a strong sense of solidarity and security, as well as a substantial degree of personal intellectual freedom. Recommendation of appropriate arrangements between the Foundation and the organizations selected to carry on the program. Government action in respect to this subject will affect the rate of technical progress in industry. The time has come when such support should be extended to other fields. A nation which depends upon others for its new basic scientific knowledge will be slow in its industrial progress and weak in its competitive position in world trade, regardless of its mechanical skill.
The Government can accomplish significant results in several ways: by aiding in the arrangement of international science congresses, in the official accrediting of American scientists to such gatherings, in the official reception of foreign scientists of standing in this country, in making possible a rapid flow of technical information, including translation service, and possibly in the provision of international fellowships. There are talented individuals in every segment of the population, but with few exceptions those without the means of buying higher education go without it. Research is also affected by the patent laws. Similarly, advance payments should be allowed in the discretion of the Director of the Foundation when required. Plans for release of such information should be coordinated with our allies to minimize danger of international friction which would result from sporadic uncontrolled release. . Holt considers how scientists should think of their obligation to society and what the public should demand from science, and he calls for a renewed understanding of sciences value for democracy and society at large.A touchstone for concerned citizens, scientists, and policymakers, Science, the Endless Frontier endures as a passionate articulation of the power and potential ofscience. The study of the momentous questions presented in President Roosevelt's letter has been made by able committees working diligently. There must be more -- and more adequate -- military research during peacetime. Metrics details. SCIENCE, THE ENDLESS FRONTIER AT 75. Both the Bush and the Holt essays are well worth a read. "We think we probably would not, even if we were all-wise and all-knowing, write you a plan whereby you would be assured of scientific leadership at one stroke. Industry is only to a limited extent a source of funds for basic medical research. The National Academy of Sciences hosted a symposium on February 26, 2020, that gathered top business, academic, and government leaders to explore whether the modern research architecture that fuels U.S. innovation needs to be reconfigured to meet the challenges of our time. . Science Education 1944 October 28:231-38 28: 282-88; December 1944. . We think as we think because we are not interested in setting up an elect. RENEWAL OF OUR SCIENTIFIC TALENT
Membership of the Division of National Defense should include, in addition to, say, five civilian members, one representative designated by the Secretary of War, and one representative of the Secretary of the Navy, who should serve without additional compensation for this duty. Subject to the direction and supervision of the Foundation Members (acting as a board), the director should discharge all the fiscal, legal, and administrative functions of the Foundation. The Congress is now considering legislation to provide funds for this Board by direct appropriation. . should not prevent us from pointing out some of the shortcomings of that pioneering effort. First, the sound democratic principle that there should be no favored classes or special privilege in a time of peril, that all should be ready to sacrifice equally; second, the tenet that every man should serve in the capacity in which his talents and experience can best be applied for the prosecution of the war effort. Many of the most important discoveries have come as a result of experiments undertaken with very different purposes in mind. But in the seventy-five years that have passed since Bush served as president of the Carnegie Institution for Science and published this transformational proposal, too many of our leaders have failed to grasp the central role that science plays in assuring our national strength and well-being. Office of Scientific Research and Development. They should receive their expenses and compensation for their services at a per diem rate of, say, $50 while engaged on business of the Foundation, but no division member should receive more than, say, $10,000 compensation per year. (Strohman et al., 2007; Liang et al., 2011; Ren et al., 2014; Bhagavatula et al., 2018). In making such appointments the Members should request and consider recommendations from the National Academy of Sciences which should be asked to establish a new National Research Foundation nominating committee in order to bring together the recommendations of scientists in all organizations. The Secretaries of War and Navy recently stated in a joint letter to the National Academy of Sciences: This war emphasizes three facts of supreme importance to national security: (1) Powerful new tactics of defense and offense are developed around new weapons created by scientific and engineering research; (2) the competitive time element in developing those weapons and tactics may be decisive; (3) war is increasingly total war, in which the armed services must be supplemented by active participation of every element of civilian population. The obligation of Government to support research on military problems is inescapable. Beijing 100016, P.R. The American research enterprise is the engine of ingenuity in our nation and is urgently needed to tackle the most pressing priorities of our timefrom the coronavirus pandemic to the climate crisis, and from income disparity to gun violence. These industries generate new jobs and new products, all of which contribute to the welfare and the strength of the country. View All. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): On February 16, 1999, the federal governmentannounced a major change to its science policy.Some $450 million in public funds will be spent to create research institutes and networks of centres of excellence with the goal of promoting research activities and targeting specific scientific objectives. The details should be worked out with reference to the interests of the several States and of the universities and colleges; and care should be taken not to impair the freedom of the institutions and individuals concerned. Download citation. There must be a stream of new scientific knowledge to turn the wheels of private and public enterprise. of disruptive papers and patents suggests that science and technology do not appear to have reached the end of the 'endless frontier; China's rise in science has the potential to push forward the global frontier, but mere production of knowledge does not guarantee that others are able to build on it. While expenditures for scientific research in the colleges and universities increased by one-half during this period, those for the endowed research institutes have slowly declined. Google Scholar. The deficit of science and technology students who, but for the war, would have received bachelor's degrees is about 150,000. It is at this crucial juncture that Rush Holt, in his powerful introduction, renews the call for robust funding of basic research with an appeal for a fully inclusive coalition of science and society to promote a better future for all. Therefore a professional partnership between the officers in the Services and civilian scientists is needed. Such an agency should furnish the funds needed to support basic research in the colleges and universities, should coordinate where possible research programs on matters of utmost importance to the national welfare, should formulate a national policy for the Government toward science, should sponsor the interchange of scientific information among scientists and laboratories both in this country and abroad, and should ensure that the incentives to research in industry and the universities are maintained. Plants which are more resistant to disease and are adapted to short growing season, the prevention and cure of livestock diseases, the control of our insect enemies, better fertilizers, and improved agricultural practices, all stem from painstaking scientific research. Further, it is clear that only the Government can undertake military research; for it must be carried on in secret, much of it has no commercial value, and it is expensive. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to science's very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government.This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. In order, however, to secure the part-time services of the most competent men as Members of the Foundation and the Divisions, these stringent prohibitions should be relaxed to the extent indicated. - In order to insure that men of great competence and experience may be designated as Members of the Foundation and as members of the several professional Divisions, the legislation creating the Foundation should contain specific authorization so that the Members of the Foundation and the Members of the Divisions may also engage in private and gainful employment, notwithstanding the provisions of any other laws: provided, however, that no compensation for such employment is received in any form from any profit-making institution which receives funds under contract, or otherwise, from the Division or Divisions of the Foundation with which the individual is concerned. Close Dialog Download citation. The V-1 attack on London was finally defeated by three devices developed during this war and used superbly in the field. Nor should the creation of the new agency be delayed by uncertainties in regard to the postwar organization of our military departments themselves. There have been numerous cases of independent discovery of the same truth in different places. Appropriations should be earmarked for the purposes of specific Divisions, but the Foundation should be left discretion with respect to the expenditure of each Division's funds. This is the American way; this is the way the United States has become what it is. These results have been achieved through a great amount of basic research in medicine and the preclinical sciences, and by the dissemination of this new scientific knowledge through the physicians and medical services and public health agencies of the country. Clearly, the new agency, including a civilian military research group within it, can remain sufficiently flexible to adapt its operations to whatever may be the final organization of the military departments. Holts first-rate introduction to this new edition captures the key elements of the report, outlines its significance and fate, and considers its implications for our time. But without scientific progress no amount of achievement in other directions can insure our health, prosperity, and security as a nation in the modern world. * * * Science cannot live by and unto itself alone. Adherence to the usual procedures in the case of research contracts will impair the efficiency of research operations and will needlessly increase the cost of the work of the Government. In achieving these results, the Government has provided over-all coordination and support; it has not dictated how the work should be done within any cooperating institution. Here is a tremendous waste of the greatest resource of a nation -- the intelligence of its citizens. Alert. Many had begun their studies before they went to war. Science, the Endless Frontier: A Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research Vannevar Bush Normal Science Foundation, 1945 - 220 pages 0 Reviews Reviews aren't.
FLASH SALE -Enjoy 70% off this weeks featured collection. It is my view that most of the remainder of the classified scientific material should be released as soon as there is ground for belief that the enemy will not be able to turn it against us in this war. For example, the National Research Foundation should be authorized by legislation to make, modify, or amend contracts of all kinds with or without legal consideration, and without performance bonds. Science, by itself, provides no panacea for individual, social, and economic ills. Some of us know the vital role which radar has played in bringing the United Nations to victory over Nazi Germany and in driving the Japanese steadily back from their island bastions. New impetus must be given to research in our country. Physicist and public servant Rush Holt reintroduces this influential blueprint, reflecting on the constructive developments it inspired, as well as the troubling consequences that stem from a research culture unaccountable to the polity. Malaria has been controlled. Rights and permissions. Stay connected for new books and special offers. Such an agency, moreover, should be an independent agency devoted to the support of scientific research and advanced scientific education alone. Science, the Endless Frontier (2021 edition) | Open Library Announcing Yearly Reading Goals: Learn More or Set your 2023 goal Science, the Endless Frontier Vannevar Bush, Rush Holt Not in Library Want to Read 1 2 3 4 5 Better World Books More When you buy books using these links the Internet Archive may earn a small commission. Three devices developed during this war and used superbly in the field the single mechanism and have found this thoroughly. 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