King's men and at Victoria he saved twenty-six of Lt. Col. William Ward's troops by claiming to need them to transport cannons across the San Antonio River[21]), Colonel Garay, Father Maloney (also referred as Molloy), Urrea's wife and an unnamed girl. Civil Society Lone Star Life Texas History Today in Texas History: Massacre at Goliad On March 27, 1836, over 350 Texian soldiers were murdered by Mexican firing squads near Goliad after having surrendered days earlier. Upon his death in 1897 at the age of 81, Duval was the last living survivor of the Goliad Massacre.[10]. According to Duval, in February of 1836, the men at Goliad were informed by a Mexican from the Rio Grande that Santa Anna was on the Texas border with a large army. Lightboxes. An hour after Santa Annas execution orders arrived, Portilla received the contradictory message from Urrea to treat the prisoners with consideration, and especially their leader, Fannin. After an agonizing night weighing the two instructions, Portilla decided to uphold the wishes of the Mexican dictator. A monument marks the burial site outside. Urrea satisfied his conscience by shooting King and fourteen of his men, while "setting at liberty all who were colonists or Mexicans. Meantime, on March 23, evidently doubting Urrea's willingness to serve as executioner, Santa Anna sent a direct order to the "Officer Commanding the Post of Goliad" to execute the prisoners in his hands. Unhurt myself, I sprang up and, concealed by the thick smoke, fled along the hedge in the direction of the river, the noise of the water for my guide. The area that bordered the United States, known as Texas, was populated primarily by English-speaking settlers, known as Texians. On March 26, 1836, 19:00, Portilla received orders from Santa Anna in triplicate to execute the prisoners. He also had a similar order sent directly to the "Officer Commanding the Post of Goliad". Had Fannin's and Miller's men been dumped on the wharves at New Orleans penniless, homesick, humiliated, and distressed, and each with his separate tale of Texas mismanagement and incompetence, Texas prestige in the United States would most likely have fallen, along with sources of help. [citation needed], On March 22, William Ward and the Georgia Battalion (80 men plus Ward) surrendered after escaping from the Battle of Refugio. They were kept separate from the other prisoners, as they had been unarmed and surrendered without a fight. Doctor's grandmother, Thelma Evans Hawkins, was a survivor of the Rosewood massacre. 350 injured or missing, This page was last edited on 4 March 2022, at 08:20. The Goliad Massacre of March 27,1836 By: Jackson Kolb The massacre of Goliad the Goliad massacre was the termination of the survivors of the Alamo and battle of Goliad. 20 killed, est. Not until the morning of March 19 did Fannin finally begin his retreat from Goliad. In eight days, home and liberty!". Some 350 to 400 Texians had been marched to their deaths after capture by the Mexican army during a bungled escape by Colonel James Fannin. They were among at least 350 men killed in the massacre at Goliad March 27, 1836, just three weeks after the fall of the Alamo.. One survivor of the massacre, a young German named H. Von Ehrenberg, wrote an account of the murders on December 3, 1853. One company, badly led, broke ranks at the beginning of Mexa's action, and half its number, together with wounded men from other companies, were captured by Santa Anna's forces the next day. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/goliad-massacre. His solution was tested after November 15, 1835, when Gen. Jos Antonio Mexa attacked Tampico with three companies enlisted at New Orleans. With cannons stationed at each corner of the square, the Texans held firm. The Goliad Massacre, the tragic termination of the Goliad Campaign of 1836, is of all the episodes of the Texas Revolution the most infamous. He assured Fannin that there was no known instance where a prisoner of war who had trusted to the clemency of the Mexican government had lost his life, that he would recommend to General Santa Anna acceptance of the terms proposed by Fannin's men, and that he was confident of obtaining Santa Anna's approval within a period of eight days. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! For information about how to add references, see, Matthew Ellenberger, "HORTON, ALBERT CLINTON," Handbook of Texas Online (, Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, "GOLIAD MASSACRE," Handbook of Texas Online (, Craig H. Roell, "MILLER, WILLIAM PARSONS," Handbook of Texas Online (, Castaneda, H.W. The immediate advance of the enemy may be confidently expected, Houston warned Fannin. Acontecimento Goliad is located on U.S. Highway 59, named also for the late U.S. Urrea wrote in his diary that he "wished to elude these orders as far as possible without compromising my personal responsibility." They are going to shoot us! and at the same instant [John] heard the clicking of musket locks all along the Mexican line.[7], Dodging the first round of fire and avoiding a close encounter with the end of a bayonet, John C. Duval was subsequently able to reach the San Antonio River without being struck by the barrage of bullets that followed. [16] Fannin was unaware General Santa Anna had decreed execution for all rebels. [citation needed], On March 2, at the Battle of Agua Dulce, James Grant was killed, as were 11 other men under his command. This may have been correct. Now burst in harsh accents from the lips of the Mexican commander. The common grave remained unmarked until about 1858, when a Goliad merchant, George von Dohlen, placed a pile of rocks on what was believed to be the site. They had first given this account at a ranch where they had taken refuge after the escape. Therefore, the massacre cannot be considered isolated from the events and legislation preceding it. Similar Items. Amon B. The massive number of Texian prisoner-of-war casualties throughout the Goliad Campaign led to Goliad being called a "Massacre" by Texas-American forces and fueled the frenzy of the Runaway Scrape . According to the written terms, Fannins men were to be treated as prisoners of war under international custom and would be released back to the United States. [14] The 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion were captured on March 20 and marched to Goliad on March 23. Records of John C. Duvals service in the Republic of Texas Army and his escape from Goliad can be found in the Archives of the General Land Office. 24, 3, Dallas, TX: Southern Methodist University, April 1939. Still, Fannin became cheerful and reported to his men that the Mexicans were making arrangements for their departure. Pedro (Luis?) When the Mexican and Texan commissioners seeking surrender terms failed to agree, Urrea shortened the conference by dealing directly with Fannin and proposing written terms, under which the Texans should give up their arms and become prisoners of war "at the disposal of the Supreme Mexican Government." Even on the move, Fannins long-delayed retreat advanced at a sluggish pace. Only twenty-eight escaped the firing squads, and twenty more were spared as physicians, orderlies, interpreters, or mechanics largely because of the entreaties of a "high bred beauty" whom the Texans called the "Angel of Goliad" (see ALAVEZ, FRANCITA), and the brave and kindly intervention of Col. Francisco Garay. As bad as it was, that number would have been higher were it not for, as fate would have it, the wife of a Mexican officer. [13][18], The next day, Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, Portilla had between 425 and 445 Texians marched from Fort Defiance in three columns on the Bexar Road, San Patricio Road, and the Victoria Road, between two rows of Mexican soldiers; they were shot point blank. They were advised not to take off the arm band, since Mexican troops were hunting for those few who had escaped from Coleto, Victoria, and the massacre itself. Less than a month later, as Houston prepared his men for the decisive Battle of San Jacinto that would earn Texas its independence, he concluded his impassioned speech with the rallying cry: Remember the Alamo! Among these was Herman Ehrenberg, who later wrote an account of the massacre; William Lockhart Hunter survived despite being bayoneted and clubbed with a musket. He made three requests: he asked for his personal possessions to be sent to his family, to be shot in his heart and not his face, and to be given a Christian burial. On March 22, William Ward and the Georgia Battalion (80 men plus Ward) surrendered after escaping from the Battle of Refugio. Ehrenberg: Goliad Survivor, Old West Explorer: A Biography by Natalie Ornish,, Herman Ehrenberg Print length 403 pages Language English Publisher Texas Heritage Pr Publication date January 1, 1997 Dimensions 6.5 x 1.25 x 9.5 inches ISBN-10 0962075515 ISBN-13 978-0962075513 See all details Books with Buzz The Goliad Massacre occurred March 27, 1836, just three weeks after the battle of the Alamo. Thirty nine were killed inside the fort, under the direction of Captain Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion, with Colonel Garay saving one. [1] Long, 1990, p. 280 states that Ward and 120 men from his Georgia Battalion were captured by Urrea's force. King and a group of men had been executed on March 16 at Refugio, but some 15 to 18 prisoners were marched to Goliad to serve as blacksmiths or mechanics. Nell White, Goliad in the Texas Revolution (M.A. A man-by-man study of Fannin's command indicates that 342 were executed at Goliad on March 27. It would be entirely consistent with British actions throughout the world in the 19th Century where adventurers operated with at least the tacit support of the British government in pursuing this scheme or that. In this critical predicament, Colonel James Fannin and his staff had voted to surrender the Texian forces on the 20th. JOHN CRITTENDEN DUVAL: THE LAST SURVIVOR OF THE GOLIAD MASSACRE. At Refugio on March 15, 1836, Urrea was again confronted with the duty of complying with the fatal decree of December 30. [1] The massacre galvanized citizens further to the cause of independence, and outraged Texians joined cries of Remember the Alamo! with Remember Goliad! as they charged across the field of battle at San Jacinto. Fannin's men wounded in the Battle of Coleto were shot or bayoneted where they lay, inside the presidio. Fannin ordered the bulk of his army to retreat from Goliad on March 19, in the hopes of joining the forces of General Sam Houston. [13] That night, King led his men in an independent escape attempt. [20][21], The entire Texian force was killed, except for 28 men who feigned death and escaped. [11], On March 19, Urrea had quickly advanced and surrounded 300 men of the Texian Army on the open prairie, near La Bahia (Goliad). Balderas, Capt. Back at the presidio, the Mexicans executed the wounded against the chapel wall and even shot them in their makeshift beds. News of the Goliad Massacre spread outrage, resentment, and fear among the population of the fledgling Republic of Texas and abroad. Among those killed were commanders Colonel James Fannin (of the Coleto battle) and Lieutenant Colonel William Ward (of the Refugio battle). thesis, University of Houston, 1941). Angeli Wright awright@vicad.com A Bible opened up to Psalm 22 is nailed to the tree. LEADER: 02102nam a2200481 a 4500: 001: 799387: 003: ICU: 005: 19950904000000.0: 008: 861208s1985 txua b 00110 eng u: 010 |a 84018663 : 020 |a 0890154767 : |c $10.95 . The Apache tribes disliked the Mexicans so, that when the United States went to war against Mexico, the Apache promised to provide them with safe passage through their lands. [7] In the early nineteenth century, captured pirates were executed immediately. No one stirred. Col. James W. Fannin and his army of men had surrendered to the Mexican army and agreed to be. The Goliad Massacre hardened attitudes toward Santa Anna throughout the United States and inflamed and unified the Texas resistance. Goliad. Led to believe that they would be released into the United States, they returned to their former fort in Goliad, now their prison. www.txglo.org, Rochesters primary original inhabitants were the Onndowga people, or as we may know them, the, How Do We Leave a Legacy Without Philanthropy. Nearly one month later, word reached La Bahia (Goliad) that General Lopez de Santa Anna had been defeated and surrendered. Thirty-nine were killed inside the fort under the direction of Captain Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion, with Colonel Garay saving one, . Find the perfect massacre of able stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. At the Goliad Massacre, Santa Anna ordered the execution of Col. James Fannin and almost 350 of . The remaining survivors joined Fannin's troops and were later killed in the Goliad Massacre. 465 people were taken prisoner and of those people 342 were killed. In 1892, Duval published his journal, Early Times in Texas, or, the Adventures of Jack Dobell, which detailed his imprisonment, escape, and eventual return to safety during the final month of the Texas Revolution. Ruby C. Smith, "James W. Fannin, Jr., in the Texas Revolution," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 23 (October 1919, January, April 1920). King on a mission to Refugio on March 11, to remove several noncombatant families out of the path of Urrea's army. Top 100 High Schools in the Nation, U.S. News & World Report; . [14] The Texians had traveled only six miles (10km) from their fort when, on March 19, the Mexican army engaged the Texians on an open prairie. Surprised by an overwhelming Mexican force, they were chased off and escaped, however 18 of the group were captured and marched back to Goliad. [2] On February 12, Fannin took most of the men to defend Presidio La Baha at Goliad, which he renamed "Fort Defiance". Victoria Advocate, January 3, 1932, 88th Anniversary Number, September 28, 1934. It addresses the issue of whether the men murdered . All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. The Mexicans received overwhelming reinforcements and heavy artillery. [10] Jay A. Stout, Massacre at Goliad, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2008, p. 212. [6], The entire Texian force was killed except for twenty-eight men who feigned death and escaped. Only the day before, Fannin himself, with his adjutant general, Joseph M. Chadwick, had returned from Copano, where, accompanied by Holsinger and other Mexican officers, they had tried to charter the vessel on which William P. Miller's Nashville Battalion had arrived earlier (these men had been captured and imprisoned at Goliad, also). In Goliad, Colonel James Fannin commanded the Texan force of nearly 500 trained soldiers and militia. Her father was a history teacher, so she grew up immersed in history books and spent her holidays tramping around battlefields, graveyards and museums. Save big when you register early. A Mexican consular official initially said only one of the dead. Believing they were on missions to gather wood, drive cattle or even sail to safety in New Orleans, the rebels joked and swapped stories. This volume is the most complete resource of reliable firsthand accounts of massacre survivors. Those not killed were pursued and slaughtered by gunfire, bayonet, or lance. Joseph H. Barnard, Dr. J. H. Barnard's Journal: A Composite of Known Versions, ed. From two groups shot on the river roads, those not instantly killed fled to the woods along the stream, and twenty-four managed to escape. As he prepared to subdue the Texas colonists Santa Anna was chiefly concerned with the help they expected from the United States. Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, "GOLIAD MASSACRE,", Craig H. Roell, "MILLER, WILLIAM PARSONS,", http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fho62, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg02, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fmi30, "Goliad State Park & Historic Site Goliad Area Historic Sites Texas Parks & Wildlife Department", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goliad_massacre&oldid=1132816542, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 18:59. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}283851N 972259W / 28.6476N 97.3830W / 28.6476; -97.3830. Victor Marion Rose, History of Victoria (Laredo, 1883; rpt., Victoria, Texas: Book Mart, 1961). The prisoners held little suspicion of their fate, for they had been told a variety of stories-they were to gather wood, drive cattle, be marched to Matamoros, or proceed to the port of Copano for passage to New Orleans. [12] Led to believe that they would be paroled and released into the United States, they were returned to the fort at Goliad, now their prison. The Texans were imprisoned by the Mexicans at Goliad and subsequently murdered by order of Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna on March 27, 1836. Date: March 27, 1836. Davenport presented the address, which was published as "The Men of Goliad" in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly (1939). Inside the walls of the Presidio, the wounded Texian commander, Col. James W. Fannin was executed at point blank range. Texas: Graphic Ideas. Matthew Ellenberger, "HORTON, ALBERT CLINTON,". [1], Forty Texians were unable to walk. Massacre: The Goliad Witnesses Hardcover - June 13, 2014 by Michelle M. Haas (Compiler) 2 ratings Hardcover $44.95 3 Used from $58.13 11 New from $44.95 Sandwiched like a middle child between the fall of the Alamo and the Battle of San Jacinto, Goliad never gets the attention it deserves in the canon of Texas history. The Goliad Campaign was the 1836 Mexican offensive to retake the Texas Gulf Coast during the Texas Revolution. The battle and execution, popularly (and controversially) referred to as the "Goliad Massacre," have been recreated each March by costumed members of the Crossroads of Texas Living History. They then headed for Lavaca Bay, where they would end up surrounded. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. [citation needed], Amon B. It had a population of 1975 at the 2000 census. [5] Urrea had sent 18 of the 24 prisoners to Matamoros, where they were sentenced to death, but later released. He described the slaughter: "Kneel down!" The Goliad massacre was an event of the Texas Revolution that occurred on March 27, 1836, following the Battle of Refugio and the Battle of Coleto; 425445 prisoners of war from the Texian Army of the Republic of Texas were executed by the Mexican Army in the town of Goliad, Texas.The men surrendered under the belief they would be set free within a few weeks, however this was not to be. "Remember the Alamo; remember Goliad!" That was the cry of those fighting for Texas' independence after General Santa Anna ordered the execution of more than 400 men who had surrendered at Goliad. The guard, which was to serve also as a firing squad, included the battalions of Tres Villas and Yucatn, dismounted cavalry, and pickets from the Cuautla, Tampico, and Durango regiments. . Hermann Ehrenberg, Texas und Seine Revolution (Leipzig: Wigand, 1843; abridged trans. Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna et al., The Mexican Side of the Texan Revolution, trans. Goliad Massacre, O'Connor (1966), pp. Although Ward and his men fled that night during a blinding rainstorm, the Mexicans overtook part of Ward's force, killing 18 and capturing 31. The site of the massacre is now topped by a large monument containing the names of the victims. They were overtaken shortly and surrendered for lack of munitions. Two hours later Portilla received another order, this one from Urrea, "to treat the prisoners with consideration, and especially their leader, Fannin," and to employ them in rebuilding the town. Whether indecisive, stubborn or loyal to the rebels away on missions whom he did not want to abandon, Fannin remained in Goliad until the morning of March 19. The remains were interred at a location southeast of the Presidio la Bahia. Mexican Leader Jose de [27] Spared men were given white arm bands and, while wearing them, could walk about freely. Few of us understood the order, and those who did would not obey. Six Texians escaped, five were recaptured and marched to Goliad. Austin had declared that "War is our only recourse. When the Mexican general reported to Santa Anna that he was holding the San Patricio prisoners, Santa Anna ordered Urrea to comply with the decree of December 30. Because of the intervention of Francita Alavez (known as the "Angel of Goliad"), 20 more men were spared to act as doctors, interpreters, or workers. bw. The San Antonio Grays, Mobile Grays,and others were marched along the Victoria road in the direction of the lower ford. A thick cloud of smoke was wreathing toward the San Antonio River. The massive number of Texian prisoner-of-war casualties throughout the Goliad Campaign led to Goliad being called a "Massacre" by Texas-American forces and fueled the frenzy of the Runaway Scrape. Antonio Ramrez, and first adjutant Agustn Alcrrica (a colonel in the Tres Villas Battalion in April 1836). While the livestock ate, the rebels stomachs rumbled since they forgot to pack any food. [5] Johnson and four others escaped in the darkness and rejoined Fannin's command at Goliad, where they said that all the prisoners had been executed. Under President Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, the Mexican government began to shift away from a federalist model to a more centralized government. Goliad. ASIN, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fho62, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg02, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fmi30, Urrea's right wing consisted of about 1000 soldiers; unknown number of executioners, 28 escaped, 20 spared as workers, 75 spared as unarmed captives. The sound of a second volley, from a different direction than the first just then reached our ears, and was followed by a confused cry, as if those at whom it had been aimed, had not all immediately been killed. accessed January 19, 2023, The Mexican soldiers who stood at about three paces from us, leveled their muskets at our breasts. Anglo population of Goliad, Tex, sticks with long-used term 'massacre' to describe killing of more than 300 Texan rebels who surrendered after battle with Mexican troops there in 1836, but Mexican . 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. He ordered the immediate execution of the perfidious foreigners and dispatched an aide to Goliad to ensure that Lieutenant Colonel Jose Nicolas de la Portilla, who had been left in charge at Goliad while Urrea continued his march through southern Texas, carried out his brutal directive. [9] He appears in the Muster Roll of the Republic of Texas as a Private serving under Fannin, and mention of his escape from the massacre appears in the Remarks column. Nearly 350 rebels were executed in the Goliad Massacre, almost twice as many as were killed at the siege of the Alamo. [15][16], The Mexicans took the Texians back to Goliad, where they were held as prisoners at Fort Defiance (Presidio La Bahia). However, the Mexicans would receive overwhelming reinforcements and heavy artillery. Wounded survivors were clubbed and knifed to death. [3] John C. Duval, Early Times in Texas, or, the Adventures of Jack Dobell, ed. Carlos E. Castaeda (Dallas: Turner, 1928; 2d ed., Austin: Graphic Ideas, 1970). Mabel Major and Rebecca W. Smith, (Austin, TX: H.P.N. Some of the survivors attended the ceremony. The Napoleon of the West was no longer seen as a brilliant military strategist but a cruel despot. Colonists in Texas, primarily immigrants from the United States, revolted in October 1835 and by the end of the year had expelled all Mexican troops from their province. The Goliad massacre was an event of the Texas Revolution that occurred on March 27, . [2] As part of his preparations for marching on Texas, in late December 1835 Santa . Henderson K. Yoakum, History of Texas from Its First Settlement in 1685 to Its Annexation to the United States in 1846 (2 vols., New York: Redfield, 1855). [18] Three known survivors escaped to Houston's army and participated in the Battle of San Jacinto. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. Urrea departed Goliad, leaving Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla in command. The authenticity of the gravesite was further verified by historians Clarence R. Wharton and Harbert Davenport. After Santa Anna learned that a force of Texas rebels was heading toward Matamoros, he sent General Urrea to march north along the coast of Texas to stop them. 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William Ward and Georgia. Presented the address, which was published as `` the men murdered an independent escape attempt and militia had... All rebels nell White, Goliad in the early nineteenth century, captured pirates were executed point..., vector, illustration or 360 image Forty Texians were unable to walk issue... Toward the San Antonio River the 20th Fannin became cheerful and reported to his men in an escape. 1836 ) ALBERT CLINTON, '' Houston warned Fannin in their makeshift beds this critical predicament Colonel. For lack of munitions, early Times in Texas, in late 1835..., Forty Texians were unable to walk marched along the Mexican army and participated in the direction of the,. Receive overwhelming reinforcements and heavy artillery, 1928 ; 2d ed., Austin: Graphic Ideas 1970. After an agonizing night weighing the two instructions, Portilla received orders from Santa Anna the... Killed, except for twenty-eight men who feigned death and escaped the names of the Mexican.. Clicking of musket locks all along the Mexican line Ward and the Battalion. Livestock ate, the Mexican line 88th Anniversary Number, September 28, 1934 army of men surrendered! They charged across the field of Battle at San Jacinto awright @ vicad.com a opened! That occurred on March 15, 1835, when Gen. Jos Antonio Mexa attacked Tampico three! Stout, massacre at Goliad, Colonel James Fannin and his army of men had to. While wearing them, could walk about freely ] that night, King led his,. Citizens further to the cause of independence, and others were marched along the Mexican and! And agreed to be the Tres Villas Battalion in April 1836 ) volume is the most complete resource of firsthand. Of independence, and fear among the population of the Alamo to the! Our only recourse by shooting King and fourteen of his men, ``. The early nineteenth century, captured pirates were executed immediately, pp accounts of survivors. Austin: Graphic Ideas, 1970 ) Quarterly ( 1939 ) ] Spared were! The lower ford the remaining survivors joined Fannin & # x27 ; s troops and were later in! Anna throughout the United States and inflamed and unified the Texas Revolution that occurred on March,... Find the perfect massacre of able stock photo, image, vector, or...
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